Hi Kfox, its normal for kernel-devel only to include the required headers and makefiles to build specific compatible kernel modules (think kmod RPM's, or manual module compilation using configure && make && make install). From experience I don't think you can rebuild the whole kernel module tree using this RPM
This RPM normally prevents you having to install the whole kernel source code. As you have found kernel-sourcecode as a package does not exist anymore (as per upstream packaging)...rather the source is shipped as per other RPMs in the SRPM or src.rpm found in the clearos-dev repo
Note also that rhel also distribute prepatched tar balls...rather than the vanilla source code, and subsequent patches (as was the case in el5)
If you just install the kernel-xxx.src.rpm using 'rpm -ivh' it would have put the patches, spec, source and configs all within your local users dev environment (~rpmbuild/SOURCES or ~/rpmbuild/SPECS etc). From here you can then patch or rebuild it as you need from the spec file...
If you're interested in a newer 3.x kernel, check out the kernel-ml el6 builds over at elrepo.org

If I had time i'd consider patching it for ClearOS (IMQ bandwidth shaping) to see how it worked...